python實(shí)現(xiàn)12306余票查詢
我們說(shuō)先在瀏覽器中打開(kāi)開(kāi)發(fā)者工具(F12)，嘗試一次余票的查詢，通過(guò)開(kāi)發(fā)者工具查看發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的包
余票查詢界面
可以看到紅框框中的URL就是我們向12306服務(wù)器發(fā)出的請(qǐng)求，那么具體是什么呢？我們來(lái)看看
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDWleftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQpurpose_codes=ADULT](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?leftTicketDTO.train_date=2019-01-21leftTicketDTO.from_station=CDWleftTicketDTO.to_station=SZQpurpose_codes=ADULT)
可以看到發(fā)出請(qǐng)求的幾個(gè)字段：
leftTicketDTO.train_date：查詢的日期
leftTicketDTO.from_station：查詢的出發(fā)地
leftTicketDTO.to_station：查詢的目的地
purpose_codes：不太清楚這個(gè)字段是用來(lái)做什么的，就默認(rèn)吧
可以從我們遞交的URL請(qǐng)求看出，我們輸入的成都，深圳都變成了對(duì)應(yīng)的編號(hào)，比如，成都（CDW）、深圳（SZQ），所以當(dāng)我們程序進(jìn)行輸入的時(shí)候要進(jìn)行一下處理，12306的一個(gè)地方存儲(chǔ)著這些城市名與編碼對(duì)應(yīng)的文檔：
[
https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971](https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971)
站點(diǎn)編碼對(duì)應(yīng)
下面我們就編寫(xiě)一個(gè)小程序，將這些城市名與編號(hào)提取出來(lái)：
import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
#將車站的名字和編碼進(jìn)行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)
#進(jìn)行交換
chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#打印出得到的車站字典
print(chezhan_names)
得到的打印結(jié)果如下（只截取部分顯示）：
{‘VAP': ‘北京北', ‘BOP': ‘北京東', ‘BJP': ‘北京', ‘VNP': ‘北京南', ‘BXP': ‘北京西', ‘IZQ':
‘廣州南', ‘CUW': ‘重慶北', ‘CQW': ‘重慶', ‘CRW': ‘重慶南', ‘CXW': ‘重慶西', ‘GGQ': ‘廣州東',
‘SHH': ‘上海', ‘SNH': ‘上海南', ‘AOH': ‘上海虹橋', ‘SXH': ‘上海西', ‘TBP': ‘天津北', ‘TJP':
‘天津', ‘TIP': ‘天津南', ‘TXP': ‘天津西', ‘XJA': ‘香港西九龍', ‘CCT': ‘長(zhǎng)春', ‘CET': ‘長(zhǎng)春南',
‘CRT': ‘長(zhǎng)春西', ‘ICW': ‘成都東', ‘CNW': ‘成都南', ‘CDW': ‘成都', ‘CSQ': ‘長(zhǎng)沙', ‘CWQ':
‘長(zhǎng)沙南',}
接下來(lái)我們就動(dòng)手開(kāi)始程序的主要代碼編寫(xiě)：
def main():
date = input("請(qǐng)輸入時(shí)間(如2019-01-22)：\n")
from_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入起始站點(diǎn)：\n")]
to_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入目的站點(diǎn)：\n")]
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
}
url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"purpose_codes=ADULT"
#print(url) 已經(jīng)檢查過(guò)生成的URL是正確的
#request請(qǐng)求獲取主頁(yè)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
r.raise_for_status() #如果發(fā)送了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)求，會(huì)拋出異常
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
showTicket(r.text)
用戶輸入時(shí)間、起始站點(diǎn)、目的站點(diǎn)，然后通過(guò)get來(lái)請(qǐng)求，然后我們對(duì)返回的網(wǎng)頁(yè)信息進(jìn)行解析。我們現(xiàn)將上面代碼的r.text進(jìn)行打印，看看我們請(qǐng)求之后，返回了什么樣的信息，然后決定我們應(yīng)該如何解析
運(yùn)行結(jié)果
這樣看著不方便，我們粘貼到記事本中，進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的分析：
請(qǐng)求返回的結(jié)果信息
可以與12306顯示的信息進(jìn)行對(duì)比，K829是車次，CDW與BJQ是出發(fā)地和目的地，10:10是出發(fā)時(shí)間，06:13是到達(dá)時(shí)間，44:21是歷時(shí)時(shí)間，20190123為查詢的日期，剩下的就是一系列票的各種信息。
下面就是對(duì)這些返回的信息進(jìn)行解析，其實(shí)這也是python爬蟲(chóng)的關(guān)鍵，就是解析?。?！
我們先把信息轉(zhuǎn)化為json格式，可以看到都是用“|”隔開(kāi)的，那么我們就用split函數(shù)分割出來(lái)，下面是主要功能代碼：
def showTicket(html):
html = json.loads(html)
table = PrettyTable([" 車次 ","出發(fā)車站","到達(dá)車站","出發(fā)時(shí)間","到達(dá)時(shí)間"," 歷時(shí) ","商務(wù)座"," 一等座","二等座","高級(jí)軟臥","軟臥","動(dòng)臥","硬臥","軟座","硬座","無(wú)座","其他","備注"])
for i in html['data']['result']:
name = [
"station_train_code",
"from_station_name",
"to_station_name",
"start_time",
"arrive_time",
"lishi",
"swz_num",
"zy_num",
"ze_num",
"dw_num",
"gr_num",
"rw_num",
"yw_num",
"rz_num",
"yz_num",
"wz_num",
"qt_num",
"note_num"
]
data = {
"station_train_code": '',
"from_station_name": '',
"to_station_name": '',
"start_time": '',
"arrive_time": '',
"lishi": '',
"swz_num": '',
"zy_num": '',
"ze_num": '',
"dw_num": '',
"gr_num": '',
"rw_num": '',
"yw_num": '',
"rz_num": '',
"yz_num": '',
"wz_num": '',
"qt_num": '',
"note_num": ''
}
#將各項(xiàng)信息提取并賦值
item = i.split('|') #使用“|”進(jìn)行分割
data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #獲取車次信息，在3號(hào)位置
data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始發(fā)站信息在6號(hào)位置
data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #終點(diǎn)站信息在7號(hào)位置
data["start_time"] = item[8] #出發(fā)時(shí)間在8號(hào)位置
data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵達(dá)時(shí)間在9號(hào)位置
data["lishi"] = item[10] #經(jīng)歷時(shí)間在10號(hào)位置
data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特別注意，商務(wù)座在32或25位置
data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31號(hào)位置
data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30號(hào)位置
data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高級(jí)軟臥信息在21號(hào)位置
data["rw_num"] = item[23] #軟臥信息在23號(hào)位置
data["dw_num"] = item[27] #動(dòng)臥信息在27號(hào)位置
data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬臥信息在28號(hào)位置
data["rz_num"] = item[24] #軟座信息在24號(hào)位置
data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29號(hào)位置
data["wz_num"] = item[26] #無(wú)座信息在26號(hào)位置
data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22號(hào)位置
data["note_num"] = item[1] #備注信息在1號(hào)位置
color = Colored()
data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
#如果沒(méi)有信息，那么就用“-”代替
for pos in name:
if data[pos] == "":
data[pos] = "-"
tickets = []
cont = []
cont.append(data)
for x in cont:
tmp = []
for y in name:
if y == "from_station_name":
s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "to_station_name":
s = color.red(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "start_time":
s = color.green(data["start_time"])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "arrive_time":
s = color.red(data["arrive_time"])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "station_train_code":
s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
tmp.append(s)
else:
tmp.append(data[y])
tickets.append(tmp)
for ticket in tickets:
table.add_row(ticket)
print(table)
那么我們程序就成功啦?。。?/p>
運(yùn)行結(jié)果
但是在編譯器里面Prettytable的格子沒(méi)有對(duì)齊，不要擔(dān)心，我們到終端運(yùn)行一下腳本，就可以看到很好看的輸出啦：
終端運(yùn)行結(jié)果
完成?。。∠旅媸峭暾a
main.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import re,requests,datetime,time,json
from prettytable import PrettyTable
from colorama import init,Fore
from stationinfo import chezhan_code,chezhan_names
init(autoreset=False)
class Colored(object):
def yeah(self,s):
return Fore.LIGHTCYAN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
def green(self,s):
return Fore.LIGHTGREEN_EX + s + Fore.RESET
def yellow(self,s):
return Fore.LIGHTYELLOW_EX + s + Fore.RESET
def white(self,s):
return Fore.LIGHTWHITE_EX + s + Fore.RESET
def blue(self,s):
return Fore.LIGHTBLUE_EX + s + Fore.RESET
def showTicket(html):
html = json.loads(html)
table = PrettyTable([" 車次 ","出發(fā)車站","到達(dá)車站","出發(fā)時(shí)間","到達(dá)時(shí)間"," 歷時(shí) ","商務(wù)座"," 一等座","二等座","高級(jí)軟臥","軟臥","動(dòng)臥","硬臥","軟座","硬座","無(wú)座","其他","備注"])
for i in html['data']['result']:
name = [
"station_train_code",
"from_station_name",
"to_station_name",
"start_time",
"arrive_time",
"lishi",
"swz_num",
"zy_num",
"ze_num",
"dw_num",
"gr_num",
"rw_num",
"yw_num",
"rz_num",
"yz_num",
"wz_num",
"qt_num",
"note_num"
]
data = {
"station_train_code": '',
"from_station_name": '',
"to_station_name": '',
"start_time": '',
"arrive_time": '',
"lishi": '',
"swz_num": '',
"zy_num": '',
"ze_num": '',
"dw_num": '',
"gr_num": '',
"rw_num": '',
"yw_num": '',
"rz_num": '',
"yz_num": '',
"wz_num": '',
"qt_num": '',
"note_num": ''
}
#將各項(xiàng)信息提取并賦值
item = i.split('|') #使用“|”進(jìn)行分割
data["station_train_code"] = item[3] #獲取車次信息，在3號(hào)位置
data["from_station_name"] = item[6] #始發(fā)站信息在6號(hào)位置
data["to_station_name"] = item[7] #終點(diǎn)站信息在7號(hào)位置
data["start_time"] = item[8] #出發(fā)時(shí)間在8號(hào)位置
data["arrive_time"] = item[9] #抵達(dá)時(shí)間在9號(hào)位置
data["lishi"] = item[10] #經(jīng)歷時(shí)間在10號(hào)位置
data["swz_num"] = item[32] or item[25] #特別注意，商務(wù)座在32或25位置
data["zy_num"] = item[31] #一等座信息在31號(hào)位置
data["ze_num"] = item[30] #二等座信息在30號(hào)位置
data["gr_num"] = item[21] #高級(jí)軟臥信息在21號(hào)位置
data["rw_num"] = item[23] #軟臥信息在23號(hào)位置
data["dw_num"] = item[27] #動(dòng)臥信息在27號(hào)位置
data["yw_num"] = item[28] #硬臥信息在28號(hào)位置
data["rz_num"] = item[24] #軟座信息在24號(hào)位置
data["yz_num"] = item[29] #硬座信息在29號(hào)位置
data["wz_num"] = item[26] #無(wú)座信息在26號(hào)位置
data["qt_num"] = item[22] #其他信息在22號(hào)位置
data["note_num"] = item[1] #備注信息在1號(hào)位置
color = Colored()
data["note_num"] = color.white(item[1])
#如果沒(méi)有信息，那么就用“-”代替
for pos in name:
if data[pos] == "":
data[pos] = "-"
tickets = []
cont = []
cont.append(data)
for x in cont:
tmp = []
for y in name:
if y == "from_station_name":
s = color.green(chezhan_names[data["from_station_name"]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "to_station_name":
s = color.yeah(chezhan_names[data["to_station_name"]])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "start_time":
s = color.green(data["start_time"])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "arrive_time":
s = color.yeah(data["arrive_time"])
tmp.append(s)
elif y == "station_train_code":
s = color.yellow(data["station_train_code"])
tmp.append(s)
else:
tmp.append(data[y])
tickets.append(tmp)
for ticket in tickets:
table.add_row(ticket)
print(table)
def main():
date = input("請(qǐng)輸入時(shí)間：\n")
from_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入起始站點(diǎn)：\n")]
to_station = chezhan_code[input("請(qǐng)輸入目的站點(diǎn)：\n")]
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/leftTicket/queryZ?"
headers = {
"User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/63.0.3239.26 Safari/537.36 Core/1.63.5702.400 QQBrowser/10.2.1893.400"
}
url=url+"leftTicketDTO.train_date="+date+"leftTicketDTO.from_station="+from_station+"leftTicketDTO.to_station="+to_station+"purpose_codes=ADULT"
#print(url) 已經(jīng)檢查過(guò)生成的URL是正確的
#request請(qǐng)求獲取主頁(yè)
r = requests.get(url,headers=headers)
r.raise_for_status() #如果發(fā)送了一個(gè)錯(cuò)誤的請(qǐng)求，會(huì)拋出異常
r.encoding = r.apparent_encoding
showTicket(r.text)
#print(r.text)
main()
stationinfo.py
import re,requests
url = "https://kyfw.12306.cn/otn/resources/js/framework/station_name.js?station_version=1.8971"
response = requests.get(url,verify=False)
#將車站的名字和編碼進(jìn)行提取
chezhan = re.findall(r'([\u4e00-\u9fa5]+)\|([A-Z]+)', response.text)
chezhan_code = dict(chezhan)
chezhan_names = dict(zip(chezhan_code.values(),chezhan_code.keys()))
#print(chezhan_names)
到此這篇關(guān)于教你用python實(shí)現(xiàn)12306余票查詢的文章就介紹到這了,更多相關(guān)python實(shí)現(xiàn)12306余票查詢內(nèi)容請(qǐng)搜索腳本之家以前的文章或繼續(xù)瀏覽下面的相關(guān)文章希望大家以后多多支持腳本之家！
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